Notes that issues of sexuality, fertility, and death are linked together in Munch's depictions of women. Argues that analyses of these works overemphasize Munch's personal biography at the expense of social and cultural factors. Suggests that the increasingly restrictive social and economic climate of late 19th c. Europe, along with such scientific theories as Darwinism and the Monism of Ernst Haeckel, which sought naturalistic, materialistic explanations for woman's "procreative duties", exerted an important influence on Munch's imagery.
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