Argues that the Crucifixion scenes carved on the South Cross at Clonmacnoise and the Tower Cross [Cross of SS. Patrick and Columba] at Kells were influenced by metalwork prototypes, perhaps mounted on wooden crosses. Dates the crosses respectively to the 8th and early 9th cs. on the basis of comparison of the clothing of the Christ figure with images of S. John the Evangelist in 8th c. illuminated manuscripts; and concludes that metal Crucifixion plaques existed before 800 A.D., although surviving examples are dated ca.1100.
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