Focusing on Renoir's 1887 painting Grandes Baigneuses (Philadelphia, Museum of Art), examines the image of the bathing individual, especially the female, in 19th c. French art. Explores the social history of bathing and swimming during this period, and points out that women's bathing was viewed with some ambivalence, which is demonstrated through the mocking attitude artists like Daumier took to its representation. Sees Cézanne's Great Bathers, ca.1906 (Philadelphia, Museum of Art) as an attempt to erase a traditional discourse of the nude which encodes desire and the ideal as well as humiliation and awkwardness, all of which are exemplified by Renoir's earlier work.
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