Argues that the criticism of Paciotti's citadel for Antwerp, which followed the example of his previous design for the citadel of Turin, led to a new, more location oriented method of citadel design in the the Low Countries. This can be seen in Bartolomeo Campi's designs for the citadels in Groningen and Vlissingen. The Netherlandish experience also influenced the fortification methods of Italian engineers in their native country, as can be seen in Scipione Campi's plans for the fortifications of Siracusa.
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