A product of the nationalistic sentiment kindled in the years following the Restoration, the "hand-in-waistcoat" portrait became an English hallmark. This visualization of national character was molded especially in the context of increasing Anglo-French rivalry by reviving an ancient argument about decorous public behavior. In withdrawing the "speaking hand" England censured the gestural exuberance of the French rhetorical style with its Catholic and absolutist associations, and formed a natural, modest, and reticent image that was sanctioned by classical precedent.
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