According to Bergman-Carton, the period between 1830 and 1848 was the first era of revitalized female literary and political activity after the Revolution, activity that was viewed as an invasion into traditionally masculine realms of culture. Within the developing arenas of the popular press and utopian socialist reform politics, the careers of such women of ideas as George Sand and Flora Tristan flourished. Efforts to neutralize the critical and financial successes of these women appeared frequently in the caricatures of Daumier and De Beaumont and, more discreetly, in the paintings of such artists as Ingres, Delacroix and Corot. Bergman-Carton examines how this art represented "deviant" womanhood and contributed to the cultural mechanisms that undermined the power and visibility that women of ideas had achieved before the Revolution of 1848.
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