Malvern argues that Franz Cižek's teaching of children at Vienna's Kunstgewerbeschule 1880s-1930s should be debated as a modernist practice. An examination of Cižek makes explicit the extent to which any understanding of modernism is inadequately realized unless critical attention is given to the function of "child art" in the formation of modern art. The concept of "child art" was most fully developed and promoted in the teaching of pioneers such as Cižek. This implies that theories of modernism in relation to Cižek must be grasped in all their complexity. It means therefore that we must understand modernism with both its transcendental claims to universalism and its specificity. In other words we must examine modernism as a problematic. In this process, it becomes possible to examine Cižek's practice critically.
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