On Chagall's 1912 Dedicated to Christ, now called Golgotha or Calvary (New York, Museum of Modern Art). The painting which depicts the Crucifixion with Judas taking away the ladder, evolved from several drawings and painted versions. The author argues that Chagall's knowledge of the persecution and murder of Jews in Russia, especially the Beilis affair, was "...behind Chagall's caustic treatment of Christian themes during his early Russian and Paris periods, as well as his return to Jewish religious themes in Paris in 1912-1913".
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